Anti Diabetes

Posted on: Monday, August 2, 2010
Posted at: 12:23 AM

USES OF ANTI DIABETES DRUG

- works to lower blood glucose concentrations

- treatment of gestational, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

CHLORPROPAMIDE

Brand name: Diabinese

Available form: Tablet form (Diabenese) 100mg,250mg

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- First generation sulfonylurea promotes release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas

- allow blood glucose concentration to decrease

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- toxic amblyopia

- permanent blindness

- diplopia

GLYBURIDE

Brand name: DiaBeta, glynase, micronase

Available forms: Tablets (diabeta, micronase) 1.25mg, 2.5mg, 5mg
Glynase 1.5mg, 3mg, 6mg

MECHANISM OF ACTION

-second generation of sulfonylurea promotes release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas increasing insulin sensitivity at peripheral sites

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- puffy eyelids

- yellowing of conjuctiva

- difficulty focusing

- blurred vision

- changes in accommodation

- photophobia

Corticosteroids

Posted on:
Posted at: 12:07 AM

USES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS

- closely related to cortisol that is produced in adrenal cortex

PREDNISOLONE

Brand name: Mersyndol

Available form: Oral concentrate(prednisone intensol): 5mg/ml,
Tablet(deltasone):2.5mg, 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, 50mg.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- adrenal corticosteroids inhibiting accumulation of inflammatory cells

. phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme release and synthesis

. release of mediator

- supresses cell-mediated immune reactions and prevent tissue response

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- glaucoma

- damage to optic nerve

- defects in visual acuity and visual field

- posterior subcapsular cataract formation

- corneal and scleral thinning

FLUOROMETHOLONE

Brand name: Eflone, Flarex, Fluor-op
Available form: Opthalmic suspension(as base)
0.1% eflone
0.25% FML Forte liquifilm

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- decreased ocular inflammation

. suppressed migration of polymorph nuclear leukocytes and reversal of increase capillary membrane

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- cataract formation

- tearing

- burning sensation

- blurred vision
- corneal ulcer

-glaucoma (optic nerve damage)

Cardiac Glycosides

Posted on: Sunday, August 1, 2010
Posted at: 11:58 PM

USES OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

- therapeutic drugs used to treat congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia
- possess anti-arrhythmic effects
- type of steroid medications for heart failure treatment

DIGOXIN
Brand name: Digitek, lanoxin, lanoxicaps
Available form: capsules (lanoxicaps) 50 mg, elixir (lanoxin) 50mcg/ml
tablets (digitek, lanoxin) 125mcg, 250mcg

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- Cardiac glycoside increases influx of calcium from extracellular to intracellular cytoplams

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

-blurry vision
- haloes
- diplopia
- keratitis sicca (dry eye)
- contact lens intolerance

DESLANOSIDE
Brand name: Deacetyllanatoside C, Cedilanid-d

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- deslanoside acts on electrical activity of heart
- increases slope of phase 4 depolarization
- duration of action potential is shorten
- decrease in maximal diastolic potential

Anti-hypertensives

Posted on:
Posted at: 10:58 PM

USES OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES

- it is a class of drugs that are used to treat patients with hypertension

CLONIDINE

Brand name: Catapres
Available form: 0.1mg, 0.2mg and 0.3mg tablets

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

- Anti-adrenergic / sympatholytic agent
- Prevents pain signal transmission to brain
· Reduce release of noradrenaline
- Produce analgesgesia at pre/post alpha adrenergic receptors in spinal cord
· Lowers blood pressure and heart rate

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- Bilateral miosis

- Neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells

. Ischemia

- Cortical blindness

NIFEDIPINE

Brand name: Adalat

Available form: capsule (procardia) 10 mg
tablets extended- release (nifedical XL) 30mg, 60mg

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- Antianginal and antihypertensive agent

. Inhibits calcium ion movement across membranes

· Depresses contraction of cardiac and vascular muscle

- Increases heart rate and cardiac output

- Decreases systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS

- eye pain
- unilateral ischemia

Oral Contraceptives

Posted on: Tuesday, July 13, 2010
Posted at: 5:04 AM

USES OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES:

-commonly for birth control pills
•the combination of estrogen and progestin prevents ovulation
-treatment of dymenorrhea, amernorrhea menopause symptoms and uterine bleeding

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL / NORETHISTERONE
•Brand name: Brevicon, Estrostep
•Available form: Tablet 0.02mg, 0.035mg ethinyl estradiol

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

-The combination of both drugs inhibits ovulation
• through negative feedback to the hypothalmus
• altering the usual pattern of gonadotropin secretion of the follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) as well as the luternizing hormone

LEVNORGESTREL
•Brand name: Mirena, Plan B, Plan B One-Step

•MECHANISM OF ACTION:

- disrupts balance of natural hormones
- blocks hormal signals from hypothalamus and pituitary gland for ovulation

OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS:

-Eye lesions
-Intolerance to contact lenses

Anti Arrhythemic Agents are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress fast rhythms of the heart.



Amiodarone suppreses all arrhythemia as it prolongs the duration of myocardial cell action potential and refractory period by acting directly on all cardiac tissues

There are 4 classes of Anti Arrhythemc Agents, namely
◕ Sodium Channel blockers
◕ Beta-blockers
◕ Potassium Channel blockers
◕ Calcium Channel blockers

Calcium Channel blockers are where Amiodarone are classified under. It is available in tablet forms of either 100mg or 200mg.

Contraindications :
Severe hepatic disease & severe Sinus-node dysfunction

Precautions :
Cases of Optic Neuritis, Neuropathy, Corneal Microdeposits,Photosensitivity, Peripheral Neuropathy, Hypo/Hyperthyroidism and Adult respiratory syndrome can occur any time during the therapy.
In slit lamp examinatons, corneal microdeposits is the most common symtom found in patients using Amiodarone in therapies. Patients may experience blur vision and this can only be reduce by cutting down the usage of Amiodarone.

Risks :
Patients with Arrhythemic Cardiac Problems carries the highest risk during Amiodarone therapy.
Thus, regular eye examinations with funduscopy are strongly recommended after the administration of Amiodarone.







Brand name : Inderal, InnoPran Xl
Propranolol is a class 3 Beta-blockers.
Available in tablet form of 10mg, 20mg or capsule form of 60mg, 80mg.
There are oral solution of propranolol of 4mg/ml too.

Mechanism :
Propranolol blocks beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptors, oxygen requirement is deceased. It slows the AV conduction and increases refractory period in AV nodes, which is the why this medicine exhibits anti arrhythmic activity.
A high percentage absorbance (93%) of Propranolol in GL tract.

Precautions :
Propranolol may mask over certain clinical signs such as tachycardia of hypethyroidism.

Contraindications :
Patients with bronchial asthma should not receive beta blockers.
Patients with impaired hepatic or renal failure should use this drug with much caution too.




Anti Depressant Drugs is a psychiatric medication taken to alleviate mood disorders such as major depression and anxiety disorders.




Brand name : Elavil
Amitriptyline medication is available in 10mg, 25mg, 50mg of tablet forms and 10mg/mL per injection.

Mechanism :
It blocks the reuptake of neurotranmistters including norepherine and seratonin at the presynaptic membranes.
This action enables the postsynaptic membrane to receive more transmission however it has very strong anti-cholinergic properties

Ocular Side effects :
◕ Blur vision
◕ Disturbance of accommodation
-Due to cycloplegic effects as parasympathetic pathways are disrupted by anti cholinergic activities, thus eyes dilate and lose the ability in accommodation
◕ Signs of increase discomfort in contact lens wearers





Brand Name : Zoloft
Available in 25mg, 50mg, 100mg forms of tablets.

Mechanism :
Sertraline blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitter,serotonin at Central nervous system presynaptic membranes, thus increasing it availability at postsynaptic receptor sites.
There will be relieve of depression, anxiety and more composed behaviour.

Ocular side effects :
◕ Conjuntivitis
◕ Photophobia
◕ Accommodation changes
◕ Anterior chamber eye haemorrhage
◕ Possible cataracts